Magnesium is the fourth most abundant mineral in the human body after calcium, potassium, and sodium, and functions to trigger more than 600 enzymes. In addition, it influences extracellular calcium levels, is essential for the stability of cell function, RNA and DNA synthesis, cell repair, helps maintain the antioxidant status of the cell and is an important cofactor for the activation of a wide range of transporters and enzymes. Add to this list that magnesium is also required for vitamin D activation.
In order for vitamin D to become biologically active, it must be converted from its inactive form (25[OH] D) to its active form (1,25[OH]2D). However, the “various stages of vitamin D conversions are actively dependent on the bioavailability of magnesium,”[1],[2] and, alternatively, “1,25(OH)2D can stimulate intestinal magnesium absorption.”[3] It has been noted that “a significant increase in serum levels of magnesium was realized following the consumption of vitamin D3 supplements (2000 IU/d) for 6 months.”[4]
The recommended daily allowance (RDA) of magnesium for adults is 310 to 420 mg/d, and approximately 75% of the total population is estimated to be consuming a magnesium-deficient diet.[5], [6] Complicating this matter is the fact that the magnesium content in many foods is declining, by an estimated 25% to 80%, compared with the levels before 1950.[7] Because the bioactivity of vitamin D is a magnesium-dependent process, this collective magnesium deficiency, no doubt, affects vitamin D levels. The study concluded that because magnesium is an essential cofactor for vitamin D synthesis and activation, and vitamin D can, in turn increase the intestinal absorption of magnesium, a dysregulation of either of these nutrients can be problematic for both.
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Ref: Uwitonze AM, Razzaque MS. Role of Magnesium in Vitamin D Activation and Function. REVIEW. J Am Osteopath Assoc. 2018 118(3):181-189. doi:10.7556/jaoa.2018.037. Downloaded From: http://jaoa.org/ on 02/27/2018
[1] Risco F, Traba ML. Possible involvement of a magnesium dependent mitochondrial alkaline phosphatase in the regulation of the 25-hydroxyvitamin D3-1 alpha-and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3-24R-hydroxylases in LLC-PK1 cells. Magnes Res. 1994 7(3-4):169-178.
[2] Risco F, Traba ML. Influence of magnesium on the in vitro synthesis of 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and 1 alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Magnes Res. 1992 5(1):5-14.
[3] Swaminathan R. Magnesium metabolism and its disorders. Clin Biochem Rev. 2003;24(2):47-66.
[4] Al-Daghri NM, Alkharfy KM, Khan N, et al. Vitamin D supplementation and serum levels of magnesium and selenium in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients: gender dimorphic changes. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 2014;84(1-2):27-34. doi:10.1024/0300-9831/
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[5] Seo JW, Park TJ. Magnesium metabolism. Electrolyte Blood Press. 2008;6(2):86-95. doi:10.5049/EBP.2008.6.2.86
[6] Choi YH, Miller JM, Tucker KL, Hu H, Park SK. Antioxidant vitamins and magnesium and the risk of hearing loss in the US general population. Am J Clin Nutr. 2014 99(1):148-155. doi:10.3945/ajcn.113.068437
[7] Thomas D. The mineral depletion of foods available to us as a nation (1940-2002)—a review of the 6th edition of McCance and Widdowson. Nutr Health. 2007 19(1-2):21-55.