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Biological Age & Dementia

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The results of a longitudinal prospective study evaluating the association between biological aging and dementia were recently published in Neurology, as well as evidence regarding changes in brain structures that may mediate any connection. The UK Biobank, a prospective longitudinal cohort with over half a million participants, was used to provide data for nearly 281,000 participants free of dementia at baseline, with a mean age of approximately 57 at the study’s onset. Two approaches were used to assess biological age (contrasted with chronological age): the Klemera-Doubal method and the PhenoAge algorithm, both of which utilize readily available biomarkers such as HbA1c, red and white blood cell counts, C-reactive protein, etc. Genetic risk was also included in the analysis, using polygenic scores and apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 genotype. 

With a mean follow-up of nearly 14 years, increases in both assessments of biological age were associated with a higher risk for dementia; for each standard deviation above the mean, there was a 14-15% greater incidence. The highest risk was observed for people with an APOE ε4 allele and a high acceleration in PhenoAge, with a combined effect greater than 4-fold (when compared to people without the risk allele and a low acceleration). Reductions in the volume of brain structures (gray matter volume, cortical mean thickness, and cortical surface area) mediated a portion (approximately 6-18%) of the association between advanced biological age and dementia. This study was not an intervention trial, but it does offer the hope that reducing biological age has the potential to reduce the risk of developing dementia. 

 

 

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